Scientific orientation among Arabs before Islam, the study of astronomy, stars, signs and their relation to the seasons, topography and settlement in the desert environment, Islam and the development of geography, the emergence of transportation as a field of study and its relation to the Hajj, religious belief and its contradiction with philosophy. Translation of Greek and Indian science. The emergence of commerce and the science of navigation, mines and mining, in addition to natural sciences; mathematics, chemistry, medicine, plants and others.
