The extent of allowed level and significance of existence of bacteria, yeasts, molds, viruses and toxins in raw materials, intermediates and finished products and the environment of pharmaceutical product or facility; the various modes of action of different types of antimicrobial agents, mechanisms of drug resistance and the need for use of preservatives in some pharmaceutical preparations; the concept of sterilization, sterility assurance, preservation of pharmaceuticals, sterile and non-sterile manufacturing environments . (3 credit hours: 2 class hours and 3 practical hours)
