the French expedition on Egypt and greater Syria, the formation and Mohammad Ali and his reforms, Mohammad Ali’s expedition on Arabian peninsula, Sudan, and greater Syria, the mumlok role and midhat basha reform, the second Saudi state, the British influence in Arabia, Mohammad ali successors in Egypt, the sowis canal and the British occupation, the impact of sultan Abdul hameed the second on fetal crassest, young Turkish revolution, modern intellectual movement, the rise of Arab nationalism.
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